Metplant '11 only a week away

It is only a week now to the start of the AusIMM's Metplant '11 in Perth.

I will be at the conference representing MEI, and will be at booth #34.

If you are attending the conference, please call in for a chat. I will be preparing a conference diary of the event, so if you have any new developments or innovations that you would like to share, please let me know.

Geoff Hansford- a biohydromet pioneer

I heard only last week, at the Base Metals ’11 conference in Phalaborwa, that Geoff Hansford, Emeritus Professor at the University of Cape Town, passed away in May 2010.

It was John Neale of Mintek who passed the sad news on to me. Geoff had convinced him to follow a career in chemical engineering when he was still at school in the late '70s. During John’s undergraduate years at UCT, Geoff was the Head of Department, and he lectured the introductory Chemical Engineering course in the second year. In those days, he was a surfer, but in more recent times fishing became his main interest.

Initially Geoff’s research focused on fermentation and water treatment but from the late 1970s, he and a group of South Africans were pioneers of biohydrometallurgy, using micro-organisms in bioleaching of metals from sulfide minerals and treating sulfate-containing acidic wastewaters. He focused on the mechanism and kinetics, particularly of the microbial ferrous-iron oxidation sub-process. His contributions to biohydrometallurgy are internationally recognised.

UCT Chemical Engineering 1982. Geoff is 7th left, front row,
I am 9th and Cyril O'Connor 11th

Personally I have very fond memories of Geoff, who was a very friendly person, easy to talk to but with a formidable intellect. We first met in 1982 when I spent several weeks at UCT advising on the set-up of a mineral processing course in the Chemical Engineering department. We had many common interests, particularly in scuba diving. I last caught up with him in December 1997 at a braai with Cyril and Nanette O’Connor.

A big day for MEI's Amanda

The MEI offices have been closed today, due to the very happy occasion of Amanda's wedding to her long-suffering (sorry, long-standing) partner Richard.

On a very hot and humid day they were married in the local registry office. The best men were their two boys William (6) and Jack (4), who had chosen their own wedding suits- zombie costumes.

After a brief honeymoon in the Isles of Scilly, Amanda will be back in the office on Tuesday.

Base Metals '11 Conference Diary

The 6th SAIMM Base Metals Conference was held from 18-22 July 2011 at the Hans Merensky Hotel, at Phalaborwa in the Limpopo province of South Africa (see yesterday's posting).

The aim of the conference was to explore the factors which will maintain and contribute to the growth of the base metals momentum in Africa in terms of geology, mining and metallurgy. The conference also focused on the value of mineralogy and energy saving innovations in the base metals industry.

As always, I invite comments from those who attended the meeting. My emphasis will be on the mineral processing aspects of the conference.

Monday 18th July

Despite last evening's excellent wine reception, we arose with the sun this morning to the sight of impala grazing on the golf course which runs by our room. This compensated, to some extent, for the lack of adequate internet facilities at this otherwise splendid hotel.

The conference was opened by Paul Fouche, the chairman of the organising committee, and Operations Manager of Exxaro-Zincor, who then introduced Rodney Jones, of Mintek, who spoke on behalf of the President of the SAIMM.

Rodney welcomed the 180 delegates, representing 14 countries, although over 80% are from South Africa, mainly from industry and manufacturing. Rodney summarised the history of the SAIMM and of these conferences, which commenced in 2001 in Victoria Falls (Zimbabwe) and have been held every 2 years, in Sun City (South Africa), Kitwe (Zambia), Swakopmund and Kasane (Botswana).

The first presentation was made by Wilhelm van Rooyen, the Chief Operating Officer of nearby Palabora Mining Company, who spoke of the future opportunities and challenges for copper and by-product magnetite and vermiculite production on this major South African copper producer. This provided an excellent background in anticipation of Thursday's visit to the mine.

Presentations today included papers on the passivation of sulphides in oxidative leaching, autogenous milling commissioning at Nkomati Nickel and an introduction to the Rados XRF ore sorter, which was developed in Russia.

The revival of uranium as a valued commodity has prompted a drive to identify the most cost-effective processing routes for the recovery of uranium from low-grade ores or wastes. An interesting paper from Mintek described the recovery of uranium from dense slurries via resin-in-pulp.

Another paper from Mintek discussed trials of the Xanthoprobe, an automated online instrument developed by Mintek for the measurement of residual xanthate concentration directly from flotation concentrate cells. It has been installed at the Eland Platinum PGM concentrator since March 2010 to establish the long-term robustness and measurement accuracy of the instrument in an industrial environment.

The conference has a small exhibition in the coffee break-out area, and exhibitors include CiDRA Mineral Processing, FLSmidth and Outotec, sponsors of MEI's Flotation '11 in November.

The day finished with a late afternoon game drive into nearby Kruger National Park, which provided a great opportunity to meet new people and see some of the African wildlife. Eighteen safari vehicles, each carrying 10 delegates and partners, made their separate ways in the park before finally meeting by a large kopje for an evening bush-braai under a star-lit African sky.







Tuesday 19th July
Today's sessions began with a keynote lecture from Anglo American on the need for innovation in base metal processing. This was followed by a keynote from Rolf Sandenberg, of University of Pretoria, on developments in zinc hydro and electrometallurgy.

Ore sorting has come to the fore again recently, with the development of high speed sensors and computers. One of the leading players is CommodasUltrasort, who presented a paper on the use of sorters to remove hard pebbles and recover copper bearing rocks from the Palabora autogenous milling circuit.


Energy consumption is often described as a primary contributor to the life cycle operational cost for flotation. However, it was shown by FLSmidth, USA, that effective use of an increase in energy can lead to higher concentrate recoveries, thus increasing overall profits. The paper illustrated the benefits attained when an economic evaluation considers both energy and concentrate product.

Other papers this morning discussed the recovery of copper and cobalt from tailings, and the use of sulphuric acid in the mineral sands industry as a chemical mechanism for iron removal.

Cobalt is produced mainly as a by-product of other major metal extraction processes, mainly copper and nickel, and in recent decades the nickel industry has been the major source of cobalt. Now, however, the Democratic Republic of Congo's copper-cobalt production is becoming important again after a 20 year period of decline. An afternoon paper from Bateman Engineering highlighted the developments that have made the increased production possible, and reviewed the status of several technologies available for cobalt production flowsheets, particulary electrowinning.

A paper from IBC Advanced Technologies, USA, reviewed the selective separations of cobalt, uranium, zinc, nickel and associated contaminants from various process streams.

Mineral processing has some unique and demanding flow measurement requirements, which are not always adequately met by traditional flowmeter technologies such as electromagnetic flowmeters or Doppler flowmeters. A paper from CiDRA Minerals Processing, Canada, described improved flow and flotation monitoring for process efficiency improvements through new technology utilizing non-invasive passive arrays.

The afternoon session finished early to allow time for 'afternoon activities' which were mainly golf related. Part of the hotel complex contains the Hans Merensky Country Club, a golf course of renowned standard. Being a firm believer that golf clubs spoil a good walk, I took a long walk around the course perimeter, which turned out to be a fascinating game trail. I came within a few metres of two giraffe, spotted warthog (and delegates) digging up the fairways and greens, and saw very large herds of impala.

In the evening a cocktail function sponsored by Nalco (one of the Flotation '11 sponsors) preceded the gala dinner. Good food, good company, with entertainment supplied by a local Shangani group.

Wednesday 20th July
The final day of the conference began with a keynote lecture from R.T. White of the International Zinc Association of Southern Africa. The zinc industry in Southern Africa is undergoing changes with the announcement of the disposal of the Anglo Base Metals business to Vedanta Resources, and the paper outlined the structure and opportunities in the zinc market in South and Southern Africa.

There were a number of good, practical hydrometallurgy papers today. A presentation from the University of British Columbia, Canada, compared various iminodiacetic chelating ion exchange resins for nickel recovery. In particular, the possibility of using these resins for base metal resin-in-pulp applications has become topical in recent years, and resin manufacturers have developed new large bead products for this potential market.



Solvent extraction is now a well established part of copper hydrometallurgical extraction, and a paper from Kansanshi in Zambia discussed the development of effective solvent extraction control.

Bioleaching for the extraction of base metals from sulphide ores and concentrates has been under development for several decades, and is finding increasing commercial application. Heap bioleaching of secondary copper sulphides was pioneered in Chile for diminishing acid-soluble oxide ore resources. The technology was rapidly developed in both Australia and Chile through the recognition that oxygen, not acid, is the principal reagent in the process. Forced aeration is now used in all these operations. The engineering design and operational control of sulphide heap bioleaching operations have developed to the point where the process can be applied for the treatment of primary copper sulphide ores, where heat retention in the heap is the critical requirement to promote the oxidation of chalcopyrite. Commercial implementation is now underway in the Middle East and Chile (see also What is the future for heap bioleaching?). Mintek has been a leading developer of bioleaching technologies for over 25 years, and their paper reviewed the state of play in base metal leaching, including the choice between tank and heap bioleaching, microbiology and many other factors.

High-pressure grinding roll technology is a major theme of next year's MEI conference, Comminution '12. HPGR technology is being applied in an increasingly diverse range of applications, predominantly for iron, gold and diamonds. KHD Humboldt Wedag is the major manufacturer of HPGRs and their presentation summarised some of the features and experiences in recent applications in the treatment of copper ore, coarse iron ore, and gold ore.

In closing the conference, chairman Paul Fouche advised that a decision on the venue for Base Metals '13 would soon be made, the main contenders being either Tanzania or Zambia. Details will be published on MEI Online as soon as available.

The SAIMM's Raymond, Caron and Jacqui

This has been my first Base Metals experience, and very enjoyable and rewarding it has been. The Organising Committee, chaired by Paul Fouche, and the SAIMM team, of Raymond van der Berg, Jacqui van der Westhuizen and Caron Lance, deserve our congratulations for organising such a splendid event.

The Proceedings of the conference is available in hard back and CD formats (ISBN 978-1-920410-20-9) and details can be obtained from Raymond van der Berg (raymond@saimm.co.za) or http://www.saimm.co.za/.

Relaxing with delegates in the hotel bar after the conference

Thursday 21st July
After a memorable last few days, the morning visit to Palabora Mining Company was a huge disappointment. Three hours of security, and health and safety inductions left little time to visit the operations. I chose the surface operations tour, and we briefly looked at the giant autogenous mills, passed by the copper flotation plant, the magnetite processing and vermiculite processing plants, and had a brief look at the smelter before ending with a walk through the anode refinery. All in all a huge anticlimax to a rewarding week. Having said that, the concentrator and smelter personnel were very informative and obliging and I would like to thank them for their efforts under trying circumstances.

Travels in Limpopo

Barbara and I have just returned from an interesting 10 days in South Africa's far north, the Limpopo, formerly known as the Northern Province, bordering with Zimbabwe, Botswana and Mozambique. Often regarded as South Africa's no-man's land, sandwiched between the dynamic heartland of Gauteng and the Limpopo River, it is a hot, thornbush-covered area, 'real Africa', a world away from our familiar Cape region.

The main purpose of our visit was to attend the SAIMM's Base Metals '11 conference in Phalaborwa, but rather than fly to Phalaborwa from Johannesburg, we opted to rent a car and take the opportunity of visiting places off the main tourist track, and to travel almost the whole length of Kruger National Park.

We arrived at Johannesburg International airport on Thursday July 14th, and after picking up our rental car, set off for Pretoria at 8.30am. At Pretoria, we took the N1, the Great North Road, which leads to the Zimbabwe border at Beitbridge. A little nostalgia here, as we had last travelled on this stretch of road almost 42 years ago en route to the Zambian Copperbelt. Many travellers pass through Limpopo on the N1, either en route north to Zimbabwe, or south to Johannesburg, but few make the effort to venture off this concrete umbilical cord.

On the N1, 1969...

Off the N1, 2011

We arrived at our first night stop in Limpopo just in time for lunch. This was the Edwardian Halkett Country House on Rietbokspruit Farm near Mookgophong (formerly Naboomspruit), where we were entertained by our host Mansel, one of four generations of Jacksons who have lived in the farmhouse since his great-grandfather built it in 1902.

After lunch we took a walk in the bush- there is an abundance of bird-life in this Waterberg region, as well as antelope, hyena and the occasional leopard, and we then enjoyed a sundowner on the stoep before an evening meal of bobotie, washed down with wine from the Robertson region.


We awoke to a very cold and frosty morning, and set off for a coffee stop at the small town of Mokopane, 50km north of Naboomspruit. Formerly known as Potgietersrus, Mokopane attracted worldwide notoriety in the late 90's when white locals attempted to prevent black children entering what had been white-only schools during the apartheid years. This earned the town the reputation of being the racist capital of South Africa.

Continuing northwards on the N1, we had a quick lunch at sprawling Louis Trichard before leaving the N1 and heading east towards Kruger, stopping overnight at the Shiluvari Lakeside Lodge, on the edge of Albasini Dam, with views across the water to the Soutpansberg Mountains.



Next morning we drove through remote areas close to the Zimbabwe border, before entering northern Kruger by the Punda Maria gate and driving leisurely down to the central section, staying overnight at the Shingwedzi restcamp in the north, before leaving Kruger via the Phalaborwa gate.

Northern Kruger

Although southern Kruger has the greatest concentration of game, and attracts the highest number of visitors, the north conveys a real sense of wilderness, and in our two hour drive to Shingwedzi we saw only a couple of lone bull elephants and a few impala. As we approached the central area, however, the concentration of game increased, and was positively teeming by the banks of the beautiful Letaba river and its perfectly positioned Letaba restcamp, where we stopped for lunch.






Letaba River

On the bank of the Letaba

Since the 1994 moritorium on elephant culling in the Park, the population of this most prolific of the 'big five' has swelled to over 13,000, which has had a huge effect on vegetation, particularly trees, notably the distinctive baobabs which once populated this area.

And so into Phalaborwa, just in time for the welcoming wine reception to Base Metals '11 at the Hans Merensky Hotel. Phalaborwa ("better than the south") is well known for its mineral deposits, contained in a volcanic pipe richly loaded with copper, mica, gold, iron, vermiculite, phosphate and zirconium. Copper is particularly important, being mined at the Palabora Mining Company, situated close by the hotel. These large copper deposits were found in the 60s when the borders of Kruger suddenly developed a kink, fortuitously leaving the deposits just outside the protected national park area!

We stayed five nights at the Hans Merensky complex, in a cottage bordering the highly-rated golf course, and woke each morning to glorious sunrises and grazing impala. Bordering Kruger the complex has prolific wildlife, and on my evening walks on the course I encountered giraffe, warthog, baboon and large herds of impala.




While I attended the conference, Barbara relaxed by the hotel pool, and on one evening we and the other delegates were taken on an evening game drive in Kruger, followed by a bush braai under a starlit sky. As the only UK representatives, this was a great opportunity to get to know minerals industry people from South Africa and neighbouring Zimbabwe, Zambia, Botwana and Mozambique.

What should have been the highlight for me was a morning visit to the huge Palabora Copper Mining operation. I last visited this in 1978, when mining was totally open cast, but it is now underground only, and the open pit remains as the largest man-made hole in South Africa, eclipsing the 'big hole' in the Kimberley diamond mining region. How times have changed though. Thirty three years ago I drove straight into the mine complex. This time we were beset by interminable security, and health and safety inductions, which left little time to visit the operations. Palabora must be one of the only large mines in the world where wild animals roam the complex, and today we saw elephants strolling in the confines of the mine, as well as numerous baboons.

Leaving Phalaborwa, it was back into Kruger again, where we headed for the Oliphants River and its eponymous rest camp, one of the most beautifully situated in Kruger. I last visited Oliphants in 1978 and had a very memorable overnight stay at its (much) cheaper satellite camp, Bulule, where the only electricity was that fed to the fence keeping out the lions.

Oliphants River

From Oliphants we headed south for the long drive to our overnight stop at Pretoriuskop restcamp in Mpumalanga. Between Oliphants and Satara we were held up in traffic, due to a large herd of water buffalo crossing the road.

As the herd passed, I noticed that they were being stalked by two young male lions. As they approached the road they made a half-hearted charge, then gave up when a large bull buffalo confronted them; they then decided that they deserved a well-earned rest in the middle of the road, before strolling through the traffic and back into the bush. A memorable encounter with two of the 'big five'.

After our overnight rest at Pretoriuskop we set off once more, leaving Kruger at the most southern gate, Malelane, 408 km from our northern entrance at Punda Maria. Then back to Johannesburg via the N4,and the end of a fascinating 1700 km round trip and an excellent conference.